Imaging Findings in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD).

OBJECTIVES: To describe prevalence of various imaging findings in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients; and find imaging biomarkers for differentiating chest infections caused by different micro-organisms. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 15 patients (49 scans) with proven CGD. Scans which had a correlative microbiological diagnosis for organisms were included in the analysis. The scans were reviewed by 3 radiologists on a predefined proforma, under the lung parenchymal, airway, pleural, mediastinal, and extrathoracic abnormalities. Analysis of various imaging parameters on a semiquantitative scale was performed, followed by a correlation of each imaging findings with causative organisms. RESULT: The mean age of presentation was nearly 7 y, with a male preponderance. Definitive proof of causative organisms was obtained in 22 scans. Bacterial infection was found in 7, fungal in 12, tubercular in 2, and viral in 1 scan. Most prevalent thoracic imaging manifestations included lymphadenopathy (commonest), consolidation, nodules, air trapping, and bronchiectasis. Fungal infections showed necrotic conglomerate lymphadenopathy, cavitating nodules, and multilobar consolidation more frequently than bacterial infections (though not statistically significant). Abscesses and lymphadenopathy were the most common extrathoracic manifestations. CONCLUSION: In patients with CGD, multifocal or multilobar consolidation, mass-like consolidation, cavitating nodules, and conglomerate necrotic lymphadenopathy should alert the radiologist to a possible fungal cause.

Facile activation of inert small molecules using a 1,2-disilylene.

Reactions of the known amidinate stabilised 1,2-disilylene, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si]21 (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar = 4-C6H4But) with a series of inert, unsaturated small molecule substrates have been carried out. Compound 1 reduces ButNC: to give the singlet biradicaloid 1,3-disilacyclobutanediyl [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(µ-CNBut)]23, which can be oxidised by 1,2-dibromoethane to give [{ArC(NDip)2}(Br)Si(µ-CNBut)]24. Disilylene 1 reduces two molecules of ethylene to give an unprecedented disilabicyclo[2.2.0]hexane, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(µ-C2H4)]25. In contrast, only one molecule of ethylene inserts in the Ge-Ge bond of the digermylene analogue of 1, viz. [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]26, leading to the formation of the bis(germylene), [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]2(µ-C2H4) 7. Compound 1 reduces CO2, generating CO, and the oxo/carbonate-bridged disilicon(IV) system, {ArC(NDip)2}Si(µ-CO3)2(µ-O)Si{(NDip)2CAr} 10, while its reaction with N2O proceeds via generation of N2, and a hydrogen abstraction process, to give the oxo/hydroxy disilicon(IV) species, [{ArC(NDip)2}(HO)Si(µ-O)]211. This study highlights new small molecule activation chemistry for 1,2-disilylenes, which could lead to further adoption of compound 1 as a potent reducing reagent for the transformation of inert unsaturated molecules into value added products.

Early detection of isolated pleural metastasis from carcinoma pyriform fossa: Can it be steered away from doom?

Isolated pleural metastasis from carcinoma of the pyriform fossa is a rare phenomenon. Literature search revealed pleural metastasis from head-and-neck cancer is in itself rare and carries a grave prognosis. Isolated pleural metastasis with local control in the primary and regional site with no other documented distant metastatic disease is again rarely encountered. We report this case as detection of pleural-based metastasis early in the course of disease and intervention can result in better outcome.

Activation of CO Using a 1,2-Disilylene: Facile Synthesis of an Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Silylene.

Reaction of the 1,2-disilylene, [{ArC(NDip)2 }Si]2 1 (Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar=4-C6 H4 But ), with CO proceeds via insertion of CO into one Si-N bond, and Si-Si bond cleavage, to cleanly give the bis(silylene), {ArC(NDip)2 }Si(:)O C S i ( : ) ( N D i p )​ 2 C ‾ Ar 2, under ambient conditions. The reaction can be partially reversed when solutions of 2 are subjected to UV irradiation. The five-membered heterocyclic fragment of 2 represents the first silicon analogue of an "abnormal" N-heterocyclic carbene (aNHC), a view which is substantiated by a computational analysis of the compound. Reaction of 2 with [Mo(CO)6 ] under UV light affords the chelate complex, [Mo(CO)4 (κ2 -Si,Si-2)] 3, while reaction with [Fe(CO)5 ] gives the unusual silyleneyl bridged complex, [{Fe2 (CO)6 }{µ-Si[(NDip)2 CAr]}2 ] 4. The same coordination complexes can be accessed by reaction of 1 with [Mo(CO)6 ] or [Fe(CO)5 ] under UV light. As is the case for aNHCs, d-block metal complexes of bis(silylene) 2 could prove useful as bespoke catalysts for organic transformations.

Bulky arene-bridged bis(amide) and bis(amidinate) complexes of germanium(II) and tin(II).

Several new, very bulky arene-bridged bis(amine) (viz. 1,3- and 1,4-{N(H)(SiPri3)}2(µ-C6H4), L1H2 and L2H2, respectively) and bis(amidine) pro-ligands (viz. 4,6-{[Dip(H)N](DipN)C}2(µ-DBF), DBF = dibenzofurandiyl, L3H2; and 1,3-{Ar†N(H)C(But)N}2(µ-C6H4), Ar† = C6H2{C(H)Ph2}2Pri-2,6,4, L4H2) have been developed. All can be doubly deprotonated with LiBun. The resultant dilithium salts react with either GeCl2·(dioxane) or SnBr2 to yield a series of amidotetrelylenecyclophanes (:E(µ-L1)2E: and :E(µ-L2)2E:, E = Ge or Sn) and bis(halotetrelylene) complexes (:E(X)(µ-L3)(X)E:, E = Ge or Sn, X = Cl or Br; and :Ge(Cl)(µ-L4)(Cl)Ge:). Reduction of :Ge(Cl)(µ-L4)(Cl)Ge: with KC8 afforded the crystallographically characterised bis(amido/amidinatogermylene) compound, :Ge(µ-L4)2Ge:, which is believed to have formed via a disproportionation process.